long term responses to iceland volcano 2010

That is, these communities look to each other for guidance and support during times of crisis. There is an old Icelandic saying: You couldnt see/distinguish your hands. I now understand this. Match. The flank eruption was followed 12 days later (14 April) by a far more explosive 39-day long summit eruption resulting in medium-sized jkulhlaups (glacial outburst floods) to the north, small jkulhlaups and lahars to the south and considerable ash fall to the east and east-southeast of the volcano (orkelsson, 2012). further research into the effect on the ash on aircraft . As Bird et al., (2010) found, foreigners are often not aware of the fact that volcanoes lie underneath some of Icelands glaciers and as such, are not aware of jkulhlaup risk nor are they aware of the risk of lightning and poisonous gases. The experience that is the focus of this paper is the response to the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. Currently, concentration charts have only been adopted for operational use in Europe and the North Atlantic region, as outlined in Volcanic Ash Contingency Plan EUR and NAT Regions. ADS Before the financial crash in 2008, Iceland had become too expensive for many visitorsevidenced by a somewhat steady decline in employment numbers within the tourism industry outside the capital region from 2000 (Fig. One long-term effect of volcanic ash is silicosis. And more times than not, their interest is volcanoes as they remember the 2010 eruption in the summit of Eyjafjallajkull. Part of the Advances in Volcanology book series (VOLCAN) Abstract Eyjafjallajkull became Iceland's most infamous volcano in 2010 when the ash cloud from its summit eruption caused unprecedented disruption to the international aviation industry and considerable challenges to local farming communities and villages. Out of 61 households approached to take part in the survey, 58 completed the questionnaire (one respondent per household) giving a response rate of 95%. https://reliefweb.int/report/world/phases-disaster-recovery-emergency-response-long-term. In 2010, Iceland became the center of attention the world over. Incandescent spatter erupted along a crack in the earth, scorching the soil as small lava fountains illuminated the dark landscape. In addition, the sweeper system was deployed. As the communities diversify, so too will peoples beliefs, values and activities. The family took the situation as it was, slightly worried about the continuation; not knowing what to expect was the worst. Stakeholders in the air traffic. These include individual-level indicators and event-orientated variables (Dash and Gladwin, 2007) such as their perception of the ensuing event, the perceived safety of their home relative to the threat, timing of evacuation (e.g., are the roads already congested with traffic, are all household members accounted for) and past experiences (Drabek, 1986, Gladwin et al., 2001, Mileti and Peek, 2000, Paton et al., 2001, Sorensen and Sorensen, 2007, Tierney et al., 2001). Accessed 9 April 2018, Bird D, Gsladttir G (2012) Residents attitudes and behaviour before and after the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptionsa case study from southern Iceland. Despite volcanic eruptions in earlier times, the eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajokull in April and May 2010 served as a climactic point in aviation history. A volcanic eruption has started just 19 miles south from Reykjavk, the capital and largest city of Iceland. More specifically: Households in Vestur-Eyjafjll were required to evacuate due to jkulhlaup hazard during the flank and summit eruptions in Eyjafjallajkull. Setting In spring 2010, the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajkull erupted. It may also relate to the incessant news broadcasts that some believed exaggerated the level of impacts in the region (Bird et al., 2011, Bird et al., 2018). Short Term. A further 23% heard about the eruption from DCPEM/police while 14% heard about it on the radio. Please note, due to time pressures the community of Skgar (Austur- Eyjafjll) was not included in this study. Publishers note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Iceland, as the land of fire and ice, is of no exception. Importantly, there is greater trust in those responsible for public safety, i.e., local police and the DCPEM. Accessed 22 September 2018, Weinstein ND (1987) Unrealistic optimism about susceptibility to health problems: conclusions from a community-wide sample. This is particularly pertinent among those that have immigrated from abroad. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 10:407420, Lindell MK, Perry RW (2004) Communicating environmental risk in multiethnic communities. Volcanoes attract millions of visitors around the world every year. People can lose their possessions as . Map produced by rds Hgnadttir. 0.0 / 5. And despite the clarity of the prescribed action to evacuate, some residents received conflicting information regarding the location of their designated centre. Exact figures on how many people evacuated during both phases are also not available. (7 marks) For a named area, describe the short-term and long-term effects of a volcanic eruption on people living in the area. The municipalities encompassing the South region include Sveitarflagi Hornafjrur, Vestmannaeyjar, Sveitarflagi rborg, Mrdalshreppur, Skaftrhreppur, sahreppur, Rangring eystra, Rangring ytra, Hrunamannahreppur, Hverageri, Sveitarflagi lfus, Grmsnes- og Grafningshreppur, Skeia- og Gnpverjahreppur, Blskgabygg and Flahreppur. To reopen airspace, European aviation authorities endorsed the creation of a new type of concentration chart advisory product that delineated hazard zones based on dispersion model output of ash concentrations. We never went, we behaved as we always planned to do, we just stayed at home and everything was ok (V-E). J Geodyn 43:118152, orkelsson B (2012) The 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruption, Iceland. Balancing this loss was growth in all other categories (except 4559 year old males) between 2000 and 2016, with the greatest among females 6074 years (growth of 1.43), males 75+ years (growth of 1.31) and females (growth of 1.23) and males 1829 years (growth of 1.19). As a consequence, several evacuation orders were issued during the 2010 events via the automated phone alert system, supervised by the local Chief of Police. The volcano affected global air travel, and shook the economies of almost every European nation. The scientific validity and operational utility of the ash concentration charts have been questioned by international experts and therefore have not been implemented outside Europe. We were though temporarily isolated because the road connection broke. . The relatively small, homogenous population of Iceland coupled with its peoples desire to cooperate contributed to this success. But foremost you felt powerlessness, tranquillity, and respect towards nature (V-E). Europe experienced air travel chaos for almost one month as much of the continent ground to a standstill. Due to the flank eruption, residents awareness was heightened when the summit eruption began in the early hours of 14 April 2010, with many reporting they were closely monitoring earthquake activity on the Icelandic Meteorological Offices website. They told us they needed 2h and after 2h if they hadnt come back we would call them (O). To obtain That is, based on media reports, residents deem others suffered far greater impacts than themselves and therefore consider them more vulnerable. On the scientific front, there has been a notable increase in volcanic-cloud research since Eyjafjallajkull and the Cordon Caulle long-lived ash plume of 2011. By undertaking research within this time period, we were able to capture more detailed and accurate narratives of actions and perspectives of the decision-making process, given that intricate details of which fade with time. Iceland is home to multiple volcanoes and so is used to dealing with eruptions. The first evacuation orders that residents in Vestur- and Austur-Eyjafjll received this second time came from DCPEM/police (50% A-E; 58% V-E), family, friends or neighbours (28% A-E; 8% V-E) and, the rescue teams (6% A-E; 8% V-E). Population numbers in Mrdalshreppur, Skaftrhreppur and Rangring eystrathe municipalities impacted by the Eyjafjallajkull eruptionhave been fairly consistent, with a total number of 2772, 2710 and 2769 recorded in 2000, 2008 and 2016, respectively. The first alarm about the eruption in Fimmvruhls did not come to our phones. Deanne K. Bird. For example, there are distinct differences between decision-making and actions undertaken by men and women (Haynes et al., 2016, Haynes et al., 2010) and age plays a significant role, with younger males often taking greater risks than older age groups and women across all age groups (Haynes et al., 2016). But still I say the evacuation was necessary because I think what makes everything so easy and organised and good is people obey the authorities. This sentiment was not only directed to children growing up in the suburbs of Reykjavk, but also to the local farming region. Sage, Thousand Oaks, Lindell MK, Perry RW (2012) The protective action decision model: theoretical modifications and additional evidence. In relation to the amalgamation and the timing of the 2006 evacuation exercise, one of the rescue team members from the 2010 interviews stated: The time for the evacuation exercises in 2006 was not logical because it had been decided that the police districts would be joined here in the south. Demographic changes most notably include greater international migration to the South, as well as from the capital region. Long-term responses to Mount Pinatubo's eruption saw the rebuilding of houses, villages, roads, bridges, and other damaged infrastructure. In addition to the everyday work of the local rescue teams, these officials will again call upon the sweeper system to help disseminate warning messages and check that individual households have complied with evacuation orders. People who lack their own personal experience (i.e., new residents, tourists) might be influenced by vivid accounts from other members of the public more so than from volcanologists communicating geophysical probabilistic data (Lindell and Perry, 2004). It has been relatively quiet since 2010 2010).An interaction between ash and magma led to large volumes of finely comminuted . The volcanoes and districts of Icelands South region. Iceland: 5.0 Km ESE of Brarbunga. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of capturing narratives of actions and activities to enhance our understanding of the process of decision-making and the situational factors that add to its complexity. Data derived from Statistics Iceland (2017a). That would scare us much more. As with the semi-structured interviews conducted in 2010, the 2016 open interviews were audio recorded with consent and transcribed by the authors. And we could see. Climate change is the result of natural and human factors, and has a range of effects: Evidence for climate change from the beginning of the Quaternary period to the present day. Risk Anal 32:616632, Mileti D, Nathe S, Gori P, Greene M, Lemersal E (2004) Public hazards communication and education: the state of the art. Not only was this apparent in regards to residents wanting to abide by police orders, but also with respect to their neighbours and the local rescue team. 27% of respondents reported receiving news of the summit eruption from DCPEM/police. Slheimar lies within the southern jkulhlaup hazard zone for a Katla eruption and during the Eyjafjallajkull summit eruption they were impacted by considerable ash fall and loud sound blasts. Additional aspects, however, were included to examine experiences related to the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. We still live with ash storm when the wind is blowing (S). The eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano in Iceland on 20 March 2010 affected the economic, political and cultural activities in Europe and across the world. Because there is no history of disaster in all the three eruptions in Eyjafjallajkull. IFRC; Posted 23 Apr 2010 Originally . One of the semi-structured interviews revealed that while the respondent marked on the questionnaire that they had evacuated, in reality, they had not. Residents attributed this success to the desire to conform to authorities that are known to them on a more personal basis. Some questions regarding Katla were retained because the Katla hazard zones cover the same communities impacted by the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. It is therefore not surprising that people contested the location of some evacuation centres, particularly those located in low-lying regions and old flood channels. While interviewees stated that available resources were insufficient in dealing with the increased number of tourists visiting the area they also raised concerns relating to the amalgamation of districts on 1 January 2015. I know most of the people that live here. While we are not able to show statistically significant differences between the datasets due to the small size and slightly different nature of the 2008 dataset (e.g., it does not include respondents from Vestur-Eyjafjll and Austur-Eyjafjll), we can present some interesting observations. CAS 6.5 km (4 mi) Iceland: 6.6 Km ESE of Brarbunga. I would like to see more emphasis on this, like volcanic activity, geothermal, everything geography in Iceland because were having the tourists now [But] we have our children who are not finding out about those things. The relatively small, homogenous population of Iceland, with a tradition of integrated research, policy and practice and, as well as its peoples strong desire to cooperate have been attributed as factors influencing the success of community-based health interventions (Sigfsdttir et al., 2009). This paper considers how residents might respond to future evacuation orders by examining the results of that survey against the changing demographic, economic and political structure of South Iceland. Tourists arrested for entering restricted zones to take photos, Hawaii. Farming has traditionally been the main livelihood in Icelands South region. The first evacuation orders that residents in Vestur-Eyjafjll and Austur-Eyjafjll received came from DCPEM/police (38% A-E; 43% V-E), family, friends or neighbours (31% A-E; 14% V-E) and, the rescue teams (6% A-E; 14% V-E)Footnote 1. The eruption was relatively small but its impact was massive. Only two respondents noted living at that address for less than 5 years. Households in Austur-Eyjafjll were required to evacuate due to jkulhlaup hazard during the flank and summit eruptions in Eyjafjallajkull. As volcanic ash fallout is predicted to reach ground level following the eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano in Iceland, scientists from the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology have responded rapidly to increase sampling rates of air quality, soils and vegetation at its long-term monitoring sites across the UK. In: Taylor A, Carson D, Ensign P, Huskey L, Rasmussen R (eds) Settlements at the edge: remote human settlements in developed nations. I said [at the pre-eruption meetings] that you have some safe areas but they are also isolated. Flexibility in the evacuation plans also helped people cope and residents were impressed with open and transparent communication from officials. All respondents were impacted by ash fall, just over a quarter (26%) were impacted by lahars and 20% were impacted by jkulhlaup. Nearly all flights in Europe and across the Atlantic Ocean were suspended for almost a week, as ash from the eruption of the volcano threatened flight safety. This positive experience enabled compliance with subsequent evacuation notices when the second stage of the eruption began at the summit of Eyjafjallajkull. Aust J Emerg Manag 27:2733, Bird D, Mcleman R, Gsladttir G, Kelman I, Nss MW, Ptursdttir G, Jhannesdttir G (2016) Climate change and settlement level impacts. I would be anxious. Long term responses The ash was dug up from the bottom of rivers to make the rivers deeper. Of particular import to the study presented here is data pertaining to population, migration and livelihood. She was a little more anxious. Sci. An additional 13 respondents indicated they had tourism as their main occupation. The impacts of the eruption were significant on my farm and at my neighbouring farms. However, experience of an event, either direct or vicarious, can lead people to expect similar impacts from future events. The ash plume from the eruption reached as high as 7km into the air, and the glass-rich ash caused major disruptions in air travel. Accessed 1 Dec 2017, Statistics Iceland (2017b) Internal migration between regions by sex and age 1986-2016-Division into municipalites as of 1 January 2017. http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__buferlaflutningar__buferlaflinnanlands__buferlaflinnanlands/MAN01002.px. Volcano Insurance on vehicles and properties, and research into ash detectors for planes. Joseph Henry Press, Washington, D.C. Tversky A, Kahneman D (1973) Availability: a heuristic for judging frequency and probability. Predominantly short term- examples (Management) 2 / 9. Transcripts were analysed and coded according to the core topics of the 2010 questionnaire. A volcanic eruption is an awesome display of Earth's power. The eruption has prompted further research into air craft design. That is, our study does not incorporate perspectives on long-term impacts and how they may influence peoples decision-making during a future event due to ongoing physical and mental health impacts. This undermines decision making processes . 26 Apr 2010 Originally published 26 Apr 2010. or more economically developed countries. Bull Volcanol 73:12091227, Bird DK, Jhannesdttir G, Reynisson V, Karlsdttir S, Gudmundsson MT, Gsladttir G (2018) Crisis Coordination and Communication During the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull Eruption. It already now counts as the largest on Iceland in over 100 years. Over 100,000 flights were cancelled over that week, affecting 7 million passengers, and resulting in $1.7 billion USD in lost revenue to airlines according to an analysis by Oxford Economics. Test. In its path, the lava decimated houses, schools and the city's main water reservoir. . This evacuation could be listed as disorganised (A-E). They called me and said a farmer reported a fire in the glacier, I didnt quite believe it Veurstofa [the Icelandic Meteorological Office] didnt see anything. Fast-moving lava can kill people and falling ash can make it hard for them to breathe. The central volcanoes along the off-rift volcanic zones in Iceland were the source of at least 19 eruptions of dominant alkali rhyolitic composition, with three distinct episodes recorded at 4.6 . It is almost impossible to know exactly how many people are located in a given area at any point in time. 150km2 of reforestation projects destroyed. The approximate 700 residents that evacuated were allowed to return to their homes when the eruption was confirmed in the flank of the volcano and not under the glacier. Created by. 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