Subscribe to receive 40% off your first order, plus a free ebook or audiobook. Cookies on OCLC websites. A Report to the President by Vannevar Bush, Director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, July 1945, (United States Government Printing Office, Washington: 1945), CHAPTER 1. This Report recommended that the federal government accept new responsibilities for promoting the flow of new scientific knowledge and the development of scientific talent in youth. Together, Bush and Holt give us a roadmap for US science today. Relation to National Security. All of the committees advising on these matters agree on the necessity for such an agency. "Alondra Nelson, president of the Social Science Research Council, "Rush Holts essay on Science, the Endless Frontier celebrates science discovery and the democratization of science. Adding a needed retrospective, Rush Holts companion essay calls for a more robust conversation among STEM researchers, social scientists, and the public, and strongly resonates with my experiences in public policy. Now the situation is different. It is my view that most of the remainder of the classified scientific material should be released as soon as there is ground for belief that the enemy will not be able to turn it against us in this war. . The National Patent Planning Commission has reported on this subject. - The function of this Division should be to support research in the physical and natural sciences. Hence Government, like industry, is dependent on the colleges, universities, and research institutes to expand the basic scientific frontiers and to furnish trained scientific investigators. 3. Compra Science, the endless frontier: A report to the President by Vannevar Bush, director of the Office of scientific research and development. During the same period expenditures for scientific research in the colleges and universities increased from $20,000,000 to $31,000,000, while those in the endowed research institutes declined from $5,200,000 to $4,500,000. Two great principles have guided us in this country as we have turned our full efforts to war. We will update our FAQ page when it becomes available. In some cases coordinated direct attack on special problems may be made by teams of investigators, supplementing similar attacks carried on by the Army, Navy, Public Health Service, and other organizations. By the same token these groups cannot be made the repository of the new and large responsibilities in science which belong to the Government and which the Government should accept. The "Endless Frontier Act" would authorize over $100 billion for research into key technology like artificial intelligence, machine learning, supercomputing, semiconductors, robotics, and the like. The deficit of those holding advanced degrees -- that is, young scholars trained to the point where they are capable of carrying on original work -- has been estimated as amounting to about 17,000 by 1955 in chemistry, engineering, geology, mathematics, physics, psychology, and the biological sciences. As a temporary measure the National Academy of Sciences has established the Research Board for National Security at the request of the Secretary of War and the Secretary of the Navy. Discovery of new therapeutic agents and methods usually results from basic studies in medicine and the underlying sciences. Citation; Raw Data; Library.Link Network; Borrow it Toggle Dropdown. Today, advances in public health, shared prosperity, and scientific understanding are more important than ever. The development of the. While we are concerned primarily with methods of selecting and educating high school graduates at the college and higher levels, we cannot be complacent about the loss of potential talent which is inherent in the present situation. . Download citation. It is estimated that an adequate program for Federal support of basic research in the colleges, universities, and research institutes and for financing important applied research in the public interest, will cost about 10 million dollars at the outset and may rise to about 50 million dollars annually when fully underway at the end of perhaps 5 years. Basic research is a long-term process -- it ceases to be basic if immediate results are expected on short-term support. The development moved from the early laboratory stage to large scale production and use in a fraction of the time it would have taken without such leadership. How to cite this article: . It's one thing to have equations describing the way a single molecule of water behaves. In achieving these results, the Government has provided over-all coordination and support; it has not dictated how the work should be done within any cooperating institution. Division of Natural Sciences. Physicist and public servant Rush Holt reintroduces this influential blueprint, reflecting on the constructive developments it inspired, as well as the troubling consequences that stem from a research culture unaccountable to the polity. Here is a tremendous waste of the greatest resource of a nation -- the intelligence of its citizens. These reasons apply with particular force to science: the road is long and expensive; it extends at least 6 years beyond high school; the percentage of science students who can obtain first-rate training in institutions near home is small. Google Scholar. Without the broad authority along these lines which was contained in the First War Powers Act and its implementing Executive Orders, together with the special relaxation of vouchering requirements granted by the General Accounting Office, the Office of Scientific Research and Development would have been gravely handicapped in carrying on research on military matters during this war. Statistically it is certain that important and highly useful discoveries will result from some fraction of the undertakings in basic science; but the results of any one particular investigation cannot be predicted with accuracy. Plants which are more resistant to disease and are adapted to short growing season, the prevention and cure of livestock diseases, the control of our insect enemies, better fertilizers, and improved agricultural practices, all stem from painstaking scientific research. The public interest will normally be adequately protected if the Government receives a royalty-free license for governmental purposes under any patents resulting from work financed by the Foundation. This general knowledge provides the means of answering a large number of important practical problems, though it may not give a complete specific answer to any one of them. The material still subject to security classification should be released as soon as possible. They must offer research opportunities and sufficient compensation to enable them to compete with industry and government for the cream of scientific talent. They should receive their expenses and compensation for their services at a per diem rate of, say, $50 while engaged on business of the Foundation, but no division member should receive more than, say, $10,000 compensation per year. Washington, DC: National Science Foundation. Fortunately, this country had the scientists -- and the time -- to make this contribution and thus to advance the date of victory. Science, the endless frontier First published in 1960 Subjects Science and state , Influence , World War, 1939-1945 , Research Places United States Edit Science, the endless frontier This edition was published in New York. The function of such a civilian group would be primarily to conduct long-range scientific research on military problems - leaving to the Services research on the improvement of existing weapons. PUB L I C. VA L U E. SCIE NCE SCIE NCE. 2. doi: 10.17226/25990. To support international cooperation in science by providing financial aid for international meetings, associations of scientific societies, and scientific research programs organized on an international basis. There should be an administrative office responsible to the director to handle in one place the fiscal, legal, personnel, and other similar administrative functions necessary to the accomplishment of the purposes of the Foundation. print. At the same time, the teaching hospitals are especially well qualified to carry on medical research because of their close connection with the medical schools, on which they depend for staff and supervision. CHAPTER 4. It can be effective in the national welfare only as a member of a team, whether the conditions be peace or war. Malaria has been controlled. I am convinced that these new functions should be centered in one agency. There are within Government departments many groups whose interests are primarily those of scientific research. New Responsibilities for Government. The Government would be well advised to invest the money involved in this plan even if the benefits to the nation were thought of solely -- which they are not -- in terms of national preparedness. The committee advising me on scientific personnel has stated the following principle which should guide our planning: "If we were all-knowing and all-wise we might, but we think probably not, write you a plan whereby there might be selected for training, which they otherwise would not get, those who, 20 years hence, would be scientific leaders, and we might not bother about any lesser manifestations of scientific ability. 4. This fact underlines the necessity of salvaging potential scientists in uniform. We think it very important that every boy and girl shall know that, if he shows that he has what it takes, the sky is the limit. This book could not be more timely, and I hope every scientist, and anyone who cares about America will heed Holts call for a powerful new integration of science in our public life. It is clear that if we are to maintain the progress in medicine which has marked the last 25 years, the Government should extend financial support to basic medical research in the medical schools and in the universities, through grants both for research and for fellowships. Much of the scientific research done by Government agencies is intermediate in character between the two types of work commonly referred to as basic and applied research. It can be effective in the national welfare only as a member of a team, whether the conditions be peace or war. A PROBLEM OF SCIENTIFIC RECONVERSION Science, the endless frontier; : a report to the President on a program for postwar scientific research,, by Vannevar Bush, director. "Eric D. Isaacs, president of the Carnegie Institution for Science, 41 William Street (4) Support of basic research in the public and private colleges, universities, and research institutes must leave the internal control of policy, personnel, and the method and scope of the research to the institutions themselves. United States . The details should be worked out with reference to the interests of the several States and of the universities and colleges; and care should be taken not to impair the freedom of the institutions and individuals concerned. It can be effective in the national welfare only as a member of a team, whether the conditions be peace or war. In the nineteenth century, Yankee mechanical ingenuity, building largely upon the basic discoveries of European scientists, could greatly advance the technical arts. As President Roosevelt observed, the annual deaths from one or two diseases are far in excess of the total number of American lives lost in battle during this war. - The function of this Division should be to support medical research. Description One of the most important reports in science policy, (commonly known as the Bush report), and intended to be a blueprint for a new era of scienceand of government in sciencefollowing the transformational experience of World War II and its technological culmination in the detonation of two atomic bombs over Japan. During the same period research within Government -- again largely applied research -- has also been greatly expanded. Publicly and privately supported colleges and universities and the endowed research institutes must furnish both the new scientific knowledge and the trained research workers. In War. Basic research is performed without thought of practical ends. Now, lets get on with the work of getting science to do its part in our society. Copy link Link copied. Written by Vannevar Bush, president of the Carnegie Institution of . In this war it has become clear beyond all doubt that scientific research is absolutely essential to national security. Princeton, New Jersey 08540 . The symposium marked the 75th anniversary of the landmark report Science, the Endless Frontier, which was released in the final weeks of another global crisisWorld War II. Many of the lessons learned in the war-time application of science under Government can be profitably applied in peace. In the past we have devoted much of our best efforts to the application of such knowledge which has been discovered abroad. The time has come when such support should be extended to other fields. Most of the information needed by industry and in education can be released without disclosing its embodiments in actual military material and devices. 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